Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Review of Fault Detection and Localization Methods in Fiber Optic Networks

Muhammad Riza Nurtam, Eko Santoso, Rizky Andrika, Agus Budiyono, Ary Setijadi Prihatmanto, Reza Dharmakusuma, Agung Harsoyo

Abstract


Fiber optic networks are the backbone of modern communication systems, offering high bandwidth, low latency, and robust data transmission capabilities. However, ensuring their reliable operation necessitates effective fault detection and localization methods to quickly identify and address issues that can disrupt service. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current fault detection and localization techniques in fiber optic networks. We examine traditional approaches, such as Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR), alongside emerging methods that leverage advancements in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and distributed sensing technologies. Additionally, the paper discusses the strengths and limitations of each method, the integration of these techniques within network management systems, and future research directions to enhance fault management in fiber optic networks. Our review aims to guide researchers and practitioners in selecting appropriate fault detection and localization strategies to maintain the integrity and performance of fiber optic infrastructures.

Keywords


fault detection, fiber optic networks, optical time-domain reflectometry, machine learning.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahn, T. J., Park, Y., & Azana, J. (2011). “Ultrarapid optical frequency-domain reflectometry based upon dispersion-induced time stretching: Principle and applications”. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 18(1), 148-165.

Asim, M., Mokhtar, H., & Merabti, M. (2008, August). “A fault management architecture for wireless sensor network”. In 2008 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (pp. 779-785). IEEE.

Bai, H., Li, S., Barreiros, J., Tu, Y., Pollock, C. R., & Shepherd, R. F. (2020). “Stretchable distributed fiber-optic sensors”. Science, 370(6518), 848-852.

Barnoski, M., Rourke, M., Jensen, S. M., & Melville, R. T. (1977). “Optical time domain reflectometer”. Applied optics, 16(9), 2375-2379.

Bao, X., & Chen, L. (2011). “Recent progress in Brillouin scattering based fiber sensors”. Sensors, 11(4), 4152-4187.

Brown, A. W., Smith, J. P., Bao, X., Demerchant, M. D., & Bremner, T. (1999). “Brillouin scattering based distributed sensors for structural applications”. Journal of intelligent material systems and structures, 10(4), 340-349.

Burns, L. R., Nembhard, I. M., & Shortell, S. M. (2022). “Integrating network theory into the study of integrated healthcare”. Social Science & Medicine, 296, 114664.

DeCusatis, C., & DeCusatis, C. J. S. (2010). Fiber optic essentials. Elsevier.

Dragic, P., & Ballato, J. (2018). “A brief review of specialty optical fibers for Brillouin-scattering-based distributed sensors”. Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1996.

Essiambre, R. J., Kramer, G., Winzer, P. J., Foschini, G. J., & Goebel, B. (2010). “Capacity limits of optical fiber networks”. Journal of Lightwave technology, 28(4), 662-701.

Fabrega, J. M., Sevillano, P., Moreolo, M. S., Villafranca, A., Vílchez, F. J., & Subías, J. M. (2015). “OFDM subcarrier monitoring using high resolution optical spectrum analysis”. Optics Communications, 342, 144-151.

Fonseca, P. C., & Mota, E. S. (2017). “A survey on fault management in software-defined networks”. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(4), 2284-2321.

Fuenzalida Werner, J. P., Huang, Y., Mishra, K., Janowski, R., Vetschera, P., Heichler, C., ... & Stiel, A. C. (2020). “Challenging a preconception: Optoacoustic spectrum differs from the optical absorption spectrum of proteins and dyes for molecular imaging”. Analytical Chemistry, 92(15), 10717-10724.

Garcia de Abajo, F. J., & Di Giulio, V. (2021). “Optical excitations with electron beams: Challenges and opportunities”. ACS photonics, 8(4), 945-974.

Gariépy, D., Searcy, S., He, G., Tibuleac, S., Leclerc, M., & Gosselin-Badaroudine, P. (2018). “Novel OSNR measurement techniques based on optical spectrum analysis and their application to coherent-detection systems”. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 37(2), 562-570.

Ghatak, A. K., & Thyagarajan, K. (1998). An introduction to fiber optics. Cambridge University Press.

Guo, J., Liu, Y., Ju, H., & Lu, G. (2022). “From lab to field: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based sensing strategies for on-site analysis”. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 146, 116488.

Gupta, A., & Prabhat, P. (2017). “Novel Approaches in Network Fault Management”. International Journal of Next-Generation Computing, 8(2).

Gu, S., Zhang, Q., & Xiang, W. (2020). “Coded storage-and-computation: A new paradigm to enhancing intelligent services in space-air-ground integrated networks”. IEEE Wireless Communications, 27(6), 44-51.

Hegering, H. G., Abeck, S., & Neumair, B. (1999). Integrated management of networked systems: Concepts, architectures and their operational application. Morgan Kaufmann.

He, Z., Wang, Y., & Huang, D. (2020). “Wavelength attack recognition based on machine learning optical spectrum analysis for the practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution system”. JOSA B, 37(6), 1689-1697.

Hoshyar, A. N., Samali, B., Liyanapathirana, R., Houshyar, A. N., & Yu, Y. (2020). “Structural damage detection and localization using a hybrid method and artificial intelligence techniques”. Structural Health Monitoring, 19(5), 1507-1523.

Hui, R. (2019). Introduction to fiber-optic communications. Academic Press.

Jadan, D. X. M., Gonzalez, J. T., & Sarmiento, M. S. (2019, September). “Best connection of fault locators in the overhead distribution system: case study in urban/rural feeders”. In 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference –Latin America (ISGT Latin America) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

Jiang, B., Zhang, Z., Chan, W. K., Tse, T. H., & Chen, T. Y. (2012). “How well does test case prioritization integrate with statistical fault localization?”. Information and Software Technology, 54(7), 739-758.

Jones, J. A., Harrold, M. J., & Stasko, J. T. (2001). “Visualization for fault localization”. In Proceedings of ICSE 2001 Workshop on Software Visualization.

Jones, J. A., Harrold, M. J., & Stasko, J. (2002, May). “Visualization of test information to assist fault localization”. In Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Software engineering (pp. 467-477).

Kanwal, S., & Jiriwibhakorn, S. (2023). “Artificial Intelligence based Faults Identification, Classification, and Localization Techniques in Transmission Lines –A Review”. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 21(12), 1291-1305.

Khan, F. N. (2023). “Data perspectives in AI-assisted fiber-optic communication networks”. IEEE Network.

Khan, F. N., Dong, Z., Lu, C., & Lau, A. P. T. (2016). Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber‐Optic Communication Networks. Enabling Technologies for High Spectral‐Efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks, 473-506.

Kumaresan, N., & Miyazaki, K. (1999). “An integrated network approach to systems of innovation—the case of robotics in Japan”. Research Policy, 28(6), 563-585.

Kumar, S., & Deen, M. J. (2014). Fiber optic communications: fundamentals and applications. John Wiley & Sons.

Lang, W., Hu, Y., Gong, C., Zhang, X., Xu, H., & Deng, J. (2021). “Artificial intelligence-based technique for fault detection and diagnosis of EV motors: A review”. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 8(1), 384-406.

Law, C. T., Bhattarai, K., & David, C. Y. (2008). “Fiber-optics-based fault detection in power systems”. IEEE Transactions on power delivery, 23(3), 1271-1279.

Lee, H., & Mousa, A. M. (1996). “GPS travelling wave fault locator systems: Investigation into the anomalous measurements related to lightning strikes”. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 11(3), 1214-1223.

Liu, S., Yu, F., Hong, R., Xu, W., Shao, L., & Wang, F. (2022). “Advances in phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry”. Opto-Electronic Advances, 5(3), 200078-1.

Naidu, O. D., Zubic, S., Sai, A. V. S. S. R., Praveen, A. N., Cost, P., & Eriksson, H. (2022). “Economical setting-free double-ended fault locator for transmission lines: Experiences from recent pilot installations”. IEEE Access, 10, 96805-96820.

Najafzadeh, M., Pouladi, J., Daghigh, A., Beiza, J., & Abedinzade, T. (2024). “Fault Detection, Classification and Localization Along The Power Grid Line using Optimized Machine Learning Algorithms”. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 17(1), 49.

Paradis, L., & Han, Q. (2007). “A survey of fault management in wireless sensor networks”. Journal of Network and systems management, 15, 171-190.

Pesic, J. (2012). Study of the mechanisms associated with the preventive network restoration in fiber optic core networks (Doctoral dissertation, Télécom Bretagne, Université de Bretagne-Sud).

Ravanshad, R., Karimi Zadeh, A., Amani, A. M., Mousavi, S. M., Hashemi, S. A., Savar Dashtaki, A., ... & Zare, B. (2018). “Application of nanoparticles in cancer detection by Raman scattering based techniques”. Nano reviews & experiments, 9(1), 1373551.

Ruiz, L. B., Siqueira, I. G., Oliveira, L. B. E., Wong, H. C., Nogueira, J. M. S., & Loureiro, A. A. (2004, October). “Fault management in event-driven wireless sensor networks”. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems (pp. 149-156).

Ruthruff, J., Creswick, E., Burnett, M., Cook, C., Prabhakararao, S., Fisher, M., & Main, M. (2003, June). “End-user software visualizations for fault localization”. In Proceedings of the 2003 ACM Symposium on Software Visualization (pp. 123-132).

Sakavalas, D., & Tseng, L. (2022). “Network topology and fault-tolerant consensus”. Springer Nature.

Serebrennikova, K. V., Berlina, A. N., Sotnikov, D. V., Zherdev, A. V., & Dzantiev, B. B. (2021). “Raman scattering-based biosensing: new prospects and opportunities”. Biosensors, 11(12), 512.

Shafiullah, M., AlShumayri, K. A., & Alam, M. S. (2022). “Machine learning tools for active distribution grid fault diagnosis”. Advances in Engineering Software, 173, 103279.

Shi, Y., Yan, L., & Willner, A. E. (2003). “High-speed electrooptic modulator characterization using optical spectrum analysis”. Journal of lightwave technology, 21(10), 2358.

Stocco, A., Yandrapally, R., & Mesbah, A. (2018, October). “Visual web test repair”. In Proceedings of the 2018 26th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (pp. 503-514).

Tang, B. H., & Zhou, Z. X. (2018, May). “The design of communication network optical fiber cable condition monitoring system based on distributed optical fiber sensor”. In 2018 International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET) (pp. 97-101). IEEE.

Tateda, M., & Horiguchi, T. (1989). “Advances in optical time domain reflectometry”. Journal of lightwave technology, 7(8), 1217-1224.

Thomas, C. E. (1966). “Optical spectrum analysis of large space bandwidth signals”. Applied optics, 5(11), 1782-1790.

Turpin, T. M. (1981). Spectrum analysis using optical processing. Proceedings of the IEEE, 69(1), 79-92.

Vaish, R., Dwivedi, U. D., Tewari, S., & Tripathi, S. M. (2021). “Machine learning applications in power system fault diagnosis: Research advancements and perspectives”. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 106, 104504.

Yan, C. S., Chen, Y. W., Yang, H. M., & Ahokas, E. (2023). “Optical spectrum analyzers and typical applications in astronomy and remote sensing”. Review of Scientific Instruments, 94(8).

Ye, Z., Ji, P. N., & Wang, T. (2022). “Distributed fiber optic sensors placement for infrastructure-as-a-sensor”. Photonic Network Communications, 44(2), 90-101.

Zhang, P., Chen, N., Shen, S., Yu, S., Kumar, N., & Hsu, C. H. (2023). “AI-enabled space-air-ground integrated networks: Management and optimization”. IEEE Network.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.